Sharing Information
In this section there are unedited excerpts from the guest book as well as from email I have received. Please remember these are unedited and posted as received.
November 2007
Coqui was the webmaster of nlse. She passed away 11-25-07 of heart failure. She was also a dear friend too. She was my webmaster from the very start,almost 8 yrs Without her the website would have never made it to what it is today. Thankyou Coqui!
Coqui - May,1938 to November, 2007
January, 2008
My father, Audrey Lennis Hearron, worked for Humble Oil at the time of the school explosion.
They lived just of Wooster Drive, on the east side of town. There were a couple of metal tanks at the beginning of the dirt road that led to the house where Mama, Daddy and two of my brothers lived. My oldest brother was just a month before turning four years old. The other brother was only a year and three months.
My family and the Sealey (Or Seeley) family were best friends in 1937 and Molly Ward, who just retired from being mayor of New London babysat my brothers. There were no children of the family in the school at the time. My youngest brother and I were not born yet, but we are and have been very interested in the school explosion since our father was involved in the rescue. The place has changed, and is hard for my mother, who is now 96, to recognize.
My father was at the gas station across the street from the school when it exploded. He was one of the first on the scene to help find students and teachers. He worked as long as he could stand it.
My father never talked about this event, but I know it was horrible for him. How many nightmares did he have? How many times did he see the explosion when he closed his eyes? How many times did he see the bodies of the dead? How many times did he cry because of this? I had never thought of my father as a hero before, but now I know that he was one.
I am sending one picture that was taken at a lake near Grapeland, Texas. That would have been about 1941. There were at one time other pictures, but my two older brothers were playing with a chemistry set in the closet and a fire started. A lot of pictures were lost then.
The second picture was taken in Freer, Texas. The woman in the picture is my mother, Gladys Maud Ella (Byrd) Hearron. This picture was just before my daddy died on November 12,1968
AudreyL ennis Hearron - 1941
Dad and Mother - 1968
Lanell Josserand
A high school friend from Tyler alerted me to your interest in those of us who might add a bit to the history of the explosion.
SEVENTY YEARS AGO ... WOW!!!
I am Edwin B. Law, age 83, now living in Pensacola, FL.
My mother worked for Humble Oil Company in the 'New London Field' office 1932-36 and East Texas District office, Tyler, 1936-1956.
In the 1932 "new" field, most everyone lived in "shacks" .. outhouses, etc. After our two room "home" burned shortly after my joining her, the company moved us and the only other female, a nurse, into a small but very comfortable house in the "Superintendents Circle" area within the Humble Camp. I, along with the other kids, attended the wooden four (I think) room school in the little town of New London about a mile from the camp entrance.
The "New School" was under construction half way between New and Old London .. destined to be the result of the "Richest Independent School District in the World." No expense was spared either in the construction, concrete, clay tile, brick, etc. with wonderful finishes making it a pleasure to attend, even for oil field kids. The clay tile would contribute to it's undoing. It was in the cells that the gas accumulated making the walls into a bomb of immense proportion.
Students from all over the area moved to the new facility in the summer of 1934 (?) We had busses (looked the same as ones I see everywhere today) that picked us up and brought us home if we wanted. Pumpers and others lived out from the populated areas as did farmers, etc. But, if weather permitted, we walked, ran, had fights and managed to get many scrapes and bruises on the way to or from school. We carried our lunch in brown paper sacks. A few "rich kids" had lunch boxes. For the life of me, I can't remember if there was a cafeteria, but surely there was. Most of us had no money so didn't use it.
Standard "uniform" for boys was overalls, light denim shirts and bare feet .. but, clean and fresh. Parents put up with no nonsense and the school didn't either. Capital punishments was used as necessary on both boys and girls. My 'mouth' introduced me to "the Paddle" long before attending A&M and meeting "the Board." Mr. Waggoner always smiled and suggested that should I wish to shut up in class he would be happy not to whack my behind. It was not infrequent that our talking in "Study Hall" could result in a "reminder" right up in front of the class. We loved our teachers .. it was like a game, I think.
Mother was transferred to the Tyler office in the summer of 1935 so I enrolled at Hogg Junior High in the seventh grade although only eleven years old. Evidently I had fooled someone along the line and been double promoted a half grade twice. Maybe they were just moving me out of their class.
The evening of the explosion I was to meet mother downtown after attending some event (movie?) at the Liberty Theater. As I left theater there was a huge number of vehicles, mostly emergency, moving around the square, some going out E. Erwin toward Henderson/Kilgore/ Overton and others coming in .. many siren, flashing lights. Awesome!
Mother was crying and obviously badly shaken when she picked me up. She told me of a terrible explosion at New London and apparently many kids killed and injured. Identification was a problem with so many being taken to every city or town nearby. We were asked to visit the morgues, some temporary in school gyms, and pick out those I knew.
During the ensuing six hours until midnight we were in a half dozen places: cots and tables with a body on each covered with a sheet but also with a white dust making the face appear as a mask. We viewed a large number, perhaps a hundred, of all ages. The little ones really got to me but overall I seemed to view it as a task rather than a tragedy although, of course, it was. Only a few, maybe six or eight, were known to me so I wasn't much help, I'm afraid. When we got home we talked: .. what happened? How could it? how many? what about all the ones I did know? a very restless night but school was the next morning. There was an outpouring of sympathy, offers of help, etc. but no big deal like shutting down everything.
Those were times when people accepted life as it came, doing their best with what they had and facing problems as they occurred. No bleeding hearts, media mongers, alarmists, pacifists ... just AMERICA AT IT'S BEST!!!
I suffered no trauma, had no counseling and neither did any other kid that I know of. Our fears were of Polio, not death. It is likely that this attitudes developed during the depression made our service during WWII and Korea a matter of course rather than some personal triumph or tragedy.
I, for one, see SOME young people today that are equal to the tasks at hand and believe that in the long run they will lead and prevail. God Bless America!
s/ Edwin B. Law,
Texas A&M '44 (1940-42), USN V-5 Cadet ('42-'44), commissioned USMCR, served '44-'45 and '52-53 on active duty, 14 years in Reserves, honorable discharge 1956. UofT BSArchEng 1959 .. Construction, to retiring as CEO and Chairman The Law Companies, Inc. (law-co.com and lawkingdon.com).
19 Star Lake Drive, Pensacola, FL ph: 850-456-2064
October 2007
I am Ilan Goddard. My grandfather was Sam Bunting. He lost his sister Noama Bunting in the explosion. I am trying to find information on one of the doctors who helped save my grandfather's life.
In a chance meeting, actually met the doctor who remembered saving my grandfather. I was a waiter at the retirement party for the doctor but I do not remember his name. It was probably 15 years ago in Tyler at a restaurant called "Tracey's" which, at the time, was Tyler's only 4 star restaurant. He was a doctor at Mother Francis Hospital which is where my grandfather was treated. I would be extremely grateful if you could help me in my research. Any forwarding or posting of this letter to any person or site would be appreciated.
My email address is ilan@kera.org
Thanks again for all your work and assistance.
August 5, 2007
I attended New London School kindergarten thru 4th grade - 1937 to 1942. My name was Betty Major & we lived on the Hale oil lease between New London and Henderson. At the time of the explosion I was not quite 5 & did not start kindergarten until the fall of 1937. I remember my mother hearing the explosion and being concerned. My dad helped with the rescue efforts all night that first night, but never talked much about it. My elementary school years were filled with much talk of the explosion.
3rd Grade - 1940-1941
Betty Keyes
Garland, Texas
June 2007
Dear Mr. Grigg,
Thank you for your efforts in recording and sharing the story of the New London School explosion. I grew up in Rosebud, Texas. My mother, who was in grade school in 1937, shared her recollections of news reports of the disaster on several occasions. In my early career, I visited a college friend who lived in New London and recall it being a somewhat typical small Texas town. Unfortunately, I did not have time to explore.
I am presently a Senior Compliance Officer with the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division. I often interact with utility companies and we have had many presentations and discussions about the odorants used in natural gas. I seemed to recall this practice was started as a result of the New London explosion. A Google search led me your site where this was confirmed.
Last week, a utility company laying fiber optic cable hit a gas line less than a half mile from my home. The telltale smell of mercaptan caused the gas company to evacuate nearby residences. As firefighters were ventilating a residence, an explosion occurred destroying a $400,000 home and damaging the one next door. Windows were blown out while still in their frames, doors were blown off the hinges and the garage door landed across the street. But, no one died. Evacuated residents were watching from a safe distance down the block and four firefighters, who were inside the home at the time, suffered only minor injuries. They knew what they were dealing with due to the presence of the odorant (and their gas monitors) and wore maximum protective gear.
The New London School Explosion was a terrible tragedy but its legacy of reforms and safeguards has helped to save countless lives over the past seven decades. Now included among those are several of my friends and neighbors.
Best Regards,
Owen R. Smith
Canby, Oregon
April 24, 2007
I was in 1st grade in Tyler when this happened. I lost 2 cousins (Lillian & Allene Anderson) and can remember my folks sitting by the radio all night listening to reports from New London. I can recall that the sirens never stopped.
Benny Kirkendoll
benkirk@austin.rr.com
March 20th 2007
In 1999, I had the privilege of writing the first historical documentary on the New London School explosion, New London School: In Memoriam, March 18, 1937, 3:17 P.M. I spent several weeks there in New London and the surrounding areas getting to know the people and listening to their stories - an experience that truly changed my life. Each March 18, I set aside time to think about the folks there and honor the memories. The genuine compassion, heroism, courage and strength was - and remains - inspirational. God Bless the people of New London, Texas, and as always, thank you again for allowing me to tell your stories.
Lori Olson White
hometown_writer@yahoo.com
March 19th 2007
My aunt, Lucille Damuth Laughlin lost her sister Jane in the explosion. My father B.B.Watson was one of the young men who volunteered in the aftermath. He never spoke of it but years later my aunt Janell Silvey told me about his participation.
Tom Watson
thosab66@yahoo.com
March 19th 2007
My aunt and uncle Ralph and Jewel Carr were the ones interviewed on the newsreel page. They lost their beautiful daughter Chloe Ann in the explosion.
Dee Collier McKinley
delia911npd@yahoo.com
March 19th 2007
Like many others, I too have heard the story of the New London School Explosion. My Father Adus F. Dorsey, my uncle Loy E. Dorsey Jr. and my aunt Joyce Busby were students at the school when the accident took place, all survived.
While growing up I spent every summer in East Texas, and as sure as summer would come around every year I could count on hearing the story about the New London School from my grand mother Nona M. Dorsey.
Surely it had to have been an antagonizing moment for my Grand Mother when the news arrived that the school had exploded, especially hearing about it before knowing if her only two children had survived, or not. What I remember most about my Grand Mother telling and re-telling the New London story was the intensity that she always had in her voice. I understand now, that it was her ability to be able to talk about it that helped heal some of the pain I know she must have felt that frightful day March 18th 1937.
As far as my dad Adus F. Dorsey, I do not ever remember him talking much about it, but I know it must have affected him deeply.
After only now reading through some of the history of the New London School explosion, I think I have found a clue to part of my past that I have always wondered about. Reading that the Scottish Rite Hospital played a role in caring for the victims in 1937 could be the very reason my father was so active in the Masons, and always made a huge effort to provide assistance and service in the Scottish Rite ranks.
I have much to be grateful for being a son of a survivor of the New London School Explosion. My heart and my continued thoughts go out to all that were involved. Have a wonderful time at your reunion.
Adus F. Dorsey II
Torrey, Utah
March 14th 2007
My cousin, Margaret Belue (Now Wilborn) was one of the survivors of the disaster, and my aunt, Ethel Belue, was one of the parents at the PTA Meeting. I had heard stories about this all of my life from my late aunt, and wanted to see the site and get more information.
Sam Lynch
slynch1033@yahoo.com
March 16th 2007
My grandfather (Bill Thompson) was in the fifth grade at New London and survived the explosion. He switched seats with a girl (Ethel Dorsey) so that he could sit by a girl that he liked. That day, that little girl took the place of my grandfather dying and is one of the reasons I am here today. My Grandfather's name is Billy Gene Thompson and I am so very grateful he survived that terrible disaster and is still with me today!
Melissa Thompson Musselwhite
melissamusselwhite@yahoo.com
March 17th 2007
My grandmother, Doris Mize (Shoemate), is attending the reunion this weekend. She was just spared by this tragedy, walking out of the school as it exploded. She was thrown several feet from the school and injured but survived. Her sister, Sammie Lee Shoemate, was not as lucky. According to the stories from Memaw (Doris Mize/Shoemate) and Papaw (Doris and Sammie's Father)...it took 7 days to find and identify Sammie's body. Many tragic stories from this explosion. Doris was interviewed about this tragic day...you can read her story in Texas Monthly Magazine March 2007 addition.
Our Angel Sammie Lee-
There's nothing I can say,
except a loving prayer
That God will bless you dearest one,
and keep you safe in his care.
And in my solemn sorrow,
there is nothing I can do,
except to live a better life.
In memory of you
Daddy
This handwritten poem was found amongst Papaw's (Doris and Sammie's Father) keepsakes.
Brandye Mize
texas_chicky@yahoo.com
March 17th 2007
I'm 81 years old and remember the day - I was playing baseball at Rocky Mount School (3 miles from N.L. School) in center field and the ground shook then came the sound - everyone on the field froze in place then continued the baseball game - when school was out and at home found out thru the radio of what happened. My dad, mom, sister, brother, & I drove to Overton as many injured were taken there - everone got out of the car except me to walk to hospital - to this day I don't know why I stayed in the car - my brother & sister were younger than I. A girl at Rocky Mount had a brother at New London & and he came out of the with two girls under his arms (one alive & one wasn't). Things we remember!
Wilmer Black
Wilmer25@aol.com
March 18th 2007
I was in the second grade at Pine Tree Elem. School(now I think in Longview), TX. My father and his friends were "roughnecks" for the then Magnolia(Mobile) Oil Co. who went to dig through the the school rubish. Late that nigh they returned to our house and as a child I listened to their story. What has stayed with me these seventy years is that night these men who lived up to their names, "Roughnecks," CRYING, to the man. THANKS FOR THE THIS SITE IN MEMORY of those who lost their lives!
Jimmy Moffett
JMofet@aol.com
March 18th 2007
My great aunt, Mary Priscilla Carney, was a seventh grader at the New London School in 1937.
She was down in the basement getting her sweater when the explosion occurred. There was absolutely nothing left of her. My great grandmother (Priscilla's mother, Effie Maude Carney-Blackwell) who lived until I was 17, never recovered from the loss, or from her guilt at having made Priscilla go to school that day when Priscilla complained of headache and nausea (no doubt due to spending time in a building that was slowly filling with natural gas).
My grandmother, Katherine Carney, was in the third grade at New London School that year. Her class performed for the PTA meeting that afternoon, and those performers were allowed to leave school early with their parents. Katherine was about a block away from the school with her mother when it exploded.
I was raised on the story of how narrowly we all missed the possibility of never existing.
Although young Katherine later died in the polio epidemic in the early fifties, she lived long enough to do one important thing...give birth to my mother (Rebecca Ann Solomon). My mother is now 56 years old, and she has had four children, myself being the oldest. Two of her children (myself and my immediate younger brother) now have children of our own, ranging from age 2 to age 12. Earlier this year, I gave birth to twins as a surrogate mother, and although those children do not share my DNA, they most certainly share this part of American history.
I have learned to impress upon my children that all of the things they accomplish in life are possible because Katherine Carney--a woman who died so young even her only child has no memory of her--performed for the PTA that day in March of 1937.
Tomorrow, the family of my surrogate twins are coming down from Virginia for a visit, and we plan to take them out to visit the monument in New London.
Minette Satterwhite Trent
Jacksonville, TX
This is the family story passed on to me regarding the school explosion:
My grandmother, Ola Parlee Ware Grosdidier, and my mother, Juanita Mae Grosdidier, who was 5 years old at that time, were at the school attending the PTA meeting. Mother said they normally met in the auditorium, but because of construction work being done in the auditorium, the mothers were moved out to the Field House.
When the school exploded, my grandmother was frantically searching for her 6y/o son, Leon Grosdidier, but eventually learned that Uncle Leon was on a school bus that had just left the school property a few minutes earlier.
Although our immediate family was spared, the overwhelming tragedy affected everyone deeply. Mother always said that it would have been even worse for the community if the mothers had been in the auditorium that day.
Thank you for the opportunity to share our story.
Lynn Brooks
My mother who is now 80 yrs old, was a child when the tragedy happened, She remembers going to the school once with her aunt, whom she had not had the opportunity to visit much. (before the explosion) and that is was huge school. My mother's Maiden name was Majrorie Rhu Molsbee; daughter of Pearla Bynum and A.D. Molsbee of Terral, Oklahoma. Her aunt Euda Alice Walker (Mrs. Alvin Walker) who had come for the PTA meeting and 2 of her children - Herman Lawrence Walker and Annie Morine Walker were all killed that day.
My mother also said another cousin - Alice Walker was seriously injured and was hospitalized for a long tme after. She said she had a significant limp after that and was not very involved with family after this incident. Alice had lost her mother and 2 siblings (?) My mom is uncertain why Alice was not with her mother at the time of the explosion.
What many of the survivors and families live(d) through is now refered to as PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) - dealing with the memories and feelings as they forever changed there lives ,actions and souls. (PTSED is what is often refered to as what veterans experince) Now we know and train helping professionals to deal with the emotional wounds as well as the physical, Back then that was not available - leaving so many devestated souls in ash and ruin along side thier beloved children. No amount of caring support can ever take away the pain or devestation it is merly offered as a tool in the healing process I think my mother's cousins could very well have been so desestated (an example of sever PTSD) "leaving" may have been a way she coped.
There are a great many other examples found in the pages of your site as well. All of the awe inspiriing dedication that has gone into your site, the museum and memorials are also a key to the healing process.
There has been some good to come of this tragedy - the odor put into natural gas created by a survivor of the tragedy; the knowlede gleaned to help deal with such tragedy on a number of levels all now goes to save thousands of other lives. However, May we never lose site of those in so many ways did pay the cost of this wisdom.
When mother talks about her childhood growing up in Southern Oklahoma and many of her family and friends in East Texas she always mentions wiith some sadness the New London explosion and her mother's sister and her children who died there.
Thank you so much for your tender care and efforts to preserve this peace of history so those can be remembered.
Katy Marty
katymarty@hotmail.com
I was born in Wright City, Texas in 1938 where my mom and dad were living when the New London School exploded in 1937.
My dad ( Harry H. Stiles ) was working in the East Texas oil field, driving an oilfield winch truck near New London when the school exploded.
My dad would only tell me that he had gone to the school and assisted in the rescue by using his truck to move the debris to reach the injured children. He refused to say anymore about the explosion and rescue of the children.
One of the photos of an oilfield winch truck in one of the photos at the scene might possibly have been his truck.
I remember having been told by an Aunt that she and other students from another school had been to the New London School earlier in the morning but had left prior to the explosion.
I attended and graduated from Arp High School.
I learned of the web site recently of the New London School explosion from my son Harry H. Stiles III.
Thanks,
Harry H. Stiles Jr.
Freeport, Texas
sharkhunter1507@msn.com
May 9, 2006
I have been reading your guestbook and have found several saying their relatives played hookey the day of the explosion. That reminds me of a story.
When we lived in New London, we had a neighbor named Carl Byrom. He had a son, Owen, who died in the explosion.
Mr. Byrom told me several times that the day before the explosion, Owen came home complaining about a headache and sick stomach. The next morning, Owen got up to go to school but told his parents he was still feeling bad. Since he had done this before, they got him up and forced him to go to school where he died. Mr. Byrom blamed himself for Owen's death.
Mr. Byrom said several of the students had complained the day before about headaches. Others left for school but didn't get there or played hookey. He believed the gas in the school was not confined to the crawl space but had been leaking into some of the rooms making some of the children sick.
I remember Daddy saying he heard about children getting sick in the building before the explosion.
Maurene Lancaster who taught history in London Junior High for many years told us she had left the building and was getting into her car. She said she heard the explosion, and suddenly, a big piece of concrete hit her car. She wasn't hurt. That could be the 1936 Chevrolet in the photos on your site.
By the way, Maurene Lancaster was first cousin to Jeanette McDonald, the singer and movie star in the 30's, 40's and early 50's. Jeanette McDonald was in a movie called "San Francisco" about the earthquake and fire, with Eddie Albert. Mrs. Lancaster was a McDonald.
Melvin Vinson
vinvinson@sbcglobal.net
April 2006
From a posting in the NLSE.ORG Guestbook:
I've lived in Henderson, TX all my life and my parents lived in Wright City, TX when the explosion occured. Dad worked for The Texas Pipeline Company (Texaco, now). I wasn't born until 1944, but I had 2 older brothers. The oldest, Wesley, luckily, was going to Gaston at that time. My 2nd brother, Jimmy was just 3 years old.
I was told about it. My dad helped in the rescue, as all the oilfield people did. He never talked about it, ever. I only learned more in depth things of it later, but, not like I've learned reading about it here on the web site.
We knew the Emberlings. I can remember going with Mamma and my older brother to visit them when I was about 12. Mrs. Emberling was the sweetest lady you would ever want to meet.
I didn't know then the tragedy she and Mr. Emberling had endured.
I'm so glad there are people who want to keep their memory alive.
I thank you, Bill for this site.
I've had a hard time getting it off my mind since reading and seeing all the pictures yesterday. I can't ever imagine what those parents had to go through. I cried.
From a follow-up email:
I've been to Pleasant Hill Cemetery and I've seen the Emberling children's graves. It touches your heart so to see all the children's graves and what are on them. What caught my eyes, and I won't ever forget are the little marbles around some of the little graves.
I've taken my daughter there and my Mom, before she passed away. My Mom has told me many times about the day the explosion happened. They were living in Wright City, but, for some reason my brother was going to Gaston. Thank you, God.
Wes, my brother, rode the bus, and Mom had to drive/walk to end of their road to meet the bus every afternoon. She had just picked Wes up when she met all the fire trucks, ambulances, she started to follow them but, when she got down toward the New London school, they told her she couldn't go down there.
My Dad worked in the oilfield (of course) for Texaco and he helped with the rescue/recovery. He never ever mentioned that horrible sight to me. There was no talk about it, ever. What I told you is all I ever knew until your wonderful web site to honor all those precious souls.
They paid a unbelievable price, but, not in vain, we have to hold on to that. It saved countless lives, we'll never know.
Sharon (Reeves) Collins
Henderson, TX
February 17, 2006
Plesant Hill Cemetery, near New London. Is where the Emberling childeren " George Lee Emberling" & " Wanda Louise Emberling" are buried.
When you are entering the main gate and are looking straight up at where the pallivion is, their graves are about half way up between the gate and the Pallivion on the left. And they both stand out from all the rest. THey are both covered in white seashells.
I was reading a book this evening about Buring Rituals. And it mentions graves covered with Seashells. I found it to be very interstesting.
One belief for using shells over a grave is that the departed was being compared to the sea, with it's waves continuing through eternity. White seashells covering the grave symbolize everlasting life. Frequently, the barrow had large shells neatly arrainged in horizontal rows or in an artistic pattern.
The use of shells on burial sites is considered African in origin. In parts of Texas the shells are usally whitewashed and arrainged on a concrete mound covering the grave.
you can see them here----> http://www.nlse.org/cemetery_phc_03.html
My dad is the youngest of 8 kids, and they were going to New London at the time (at least the ones old enough were). The details are fascinating to me...
Uncle Bud (Francis Myers) was in a room on the lower floor (my mom thought it was the shop class but I haven't verified that) and was blown out of a window. He remembers landing on the ball field I think. He was banged up but was ok. Some friends took him home so he'd be safe, though, and it was a couple of days before his mom found him.
Mae Belle and Margie were twins, about 5th or 6th grade. They had both been sick and Mae Belle stayed home. Margie went to school to get make-up work. She and her older sister Shirley were somehow in the same room when the explosion occurred. No one in the room survived.
Mary Ann was in 3rd grade. She was sitting outside the Grammar School building waiting on the bus and playing jacks, and saw the building explode "like a big bomb went off." The others (Florence, David and my dad, Robert McChesney, or Mc they called him) were home too young to be in school and were home along with Mae Belle. They lived out on a farm and didn't have a phone, so it was hours before my grandmother (Agnes Myers) found out what happened and was able to contact her husband Francis who was out of town on business. It was something like 2 days before they found out what happened to everyone. She had scraps of fabric from the clothes that Margie and Shirley were wearing (she made all their clothes), and used that to identify the girls.
This is all 2nd and 3rd hand info, but all the surviving siblings are still alive. Uncle Bud and Aunt MaryAnn are the big story tellers.
(Uncle Bud went on to join the marines and was in the pacific in WWII, I think at Iwo Jima but I'm not sure... ya think he has 9 lives or what? He's a trip, still going strong!)
Rachel Myers Campbell
February 4, 2006
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